江南布衣 發表於 2012-5-15 08:20:11

【泥石流】

<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT color=red size=5 face=Tahoma><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW><FONT color=blue>【</FONT><STRONG>泥石流</STRONG><FONT color=blue>】</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>是山區溝穀中,由暴雨、水雪融水等水源激發的,含有大量的泥砂、石塊的特殊洪流。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>其特徵往往突然暴發,渾濁的流體沿著陡峻的山溝前推後擁,奔騰咆哮而下,地面為之震動、山谷猶如雷鳴。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>在很短時間內將大量泥砂、石塊沖出溝外,在寬闊的堆積區橫衝直撞、漫流堆積,常常給人類生命財產造成重大危害。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>泥石流的形成必須同時具備以下</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>個條件:陡峻的便於集水、集物的地形、地貌;有豐富的鬆散物質;短時間內有大量的水源。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><BR></P></SPAN><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>.地形地貌條件:在地形上具備山高溝深,地形陡峻,溝床縱度降大,流城形狀便於水流彙集。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>在地貌上,泥石流的地貌一般可分為形成區、流通區和堆積區三部分。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>上游形成區的地形多為三面環山,一面出口的瓢狀或漏斗狀,地形比較開闊、周圍山高坡陡、山體破碎、植被生長不良,這樣的地形有利於水和碎屑物質的集中;中游流通區的地形多為狹窄陡深的峽谷,穀床縱坡降大,使泥石流能迅猛直瀉;下游堆積區的地形為開闊平坦的山前平原或河谷階地,使堆積物有堆積場所。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><BR></SPAN><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>.鬆散物質來源條件:泥石流常發生於地質構造複雜、斷裂褶皺發育,新構造活動強烈,地震烈度較高的地區。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>地表岩石破碎,崩塌、錯落、滑坡等不良地質現象發育。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>為泥石流的形成提供了豐富的固體物質來源;另外、岩層結構鬆散、軟弱、易於風化、節理發育、或軟硬相間成層的地區,因易受破壞,也能為泥石流提供豐富的碎屑物來源;一些人類工程活動,如濫伐森林造成水土流失,開山採礦、採石棄渣等,往往也為泥石流提供大量的物質來源。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW> </SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><BR></SPAN><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>(3)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>.水源條件:水既是泥石流的重要組成部分,又是泥石流的激發條件和搬運介質</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>動力來源</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>,泥石流的水源,有暴雨、水雪融水和水庫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>池</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>潰決水體等形式。</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>我國泥石流的水源主要是暴雨、長時間的連續降雨等</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin" lang=ZH-TW>本文鏈接</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'PMingLiU','serif'; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=ZH-TW>:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/7135.htm#1" target=_blank><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU"><FONT color=#0000ff><SPAN class=t_tag href="tag.php?name=http">http</SPAN>://baike.baidu.com/view/7135.htm#1</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU" lang=EN-US><FONT face=Calibri> </FONT></SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
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